What is a Stonefish?

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What is a Stonefish?

For decades, many have known that the stonefish has a reputation for being amongst the most dangerous fish in the world.

That said, the specifics of this venomous, ray-finned marine fish are relatively unknown.

Below, we will look at one of the most fascinating (and deadly) fish in the entire world.

A Quick Biology Lesson

The stonefish is a marine fish, meaning it is found in or near the sea. The stonefish’ species name is Synanceia verrucosa and it is also known as the “reef stonefish.”

Synanceia verrucosa is part of the genus Synanceia, which includes other “stonefish” species, including:

• Midget Stonefish (Synanceia alula)
• Red Sea Stonefish (Synanceia nana)
• Estuarine Stonefish (Synanceia horrida)

A Journey Down the Family Tree

Synanceia is a member of the family Scorpaenidae which includes other venomous marine fish.

Note: The Scorpaenidae family should note be confused with Scorpionidae, which is the biological family containing scorpions.

Going further down the biological rabbit hole, they are members of the Actinopterygii class which contains roughly half of all rayed fish. Actinopterygii includes more recognizable marine species like tuna, salmon, cod, swordfish, sturgeon, and the seahorse.

Appearance

So, what does a stonefish look like?

They certainly have a very unique look. The species is distinct for being able to camouflage to its surroundings. The “stone” moniker is also well-earned as the fish takes on a rock-like, cragg’ish appearance. This look often mirrors that of the rocks found on the ocean floor.

Because of this, the they can be indistinguishable from its rocky surroundings.

Coloration: Avoiding Natural Predators, Approaching Prey

The stonefish’s rocky exterior helps blend in with its surroundings, but it is the coloration that arguably provides the best defense against natural predators.

Despite being a venomous fish – more on that shortly – they can be pursued by predator fish like snapper, grouper, and barracuda. To aid in camouflaging itself, the stonefish will often be covered in varying shades of brown, orange, gray, beige, green, and purple.

The camouflaging also helps them act as a predator itself. Other species of small fish (like gobi), as well as invertebrates and crustaceans make up its diet. The stonefish is also a voracious eater and is known to devour copious amounts of food.

How Big is a Stonefish?

As with any fish, size ranges will vary depending on habitat, diet, genetics, etc.

That said, mature stonefish will often be between 10-20 inches, though they are capable of growing slightly longer. They tend to have broad and flat bodies which assists in camouflaging themselves.

Where are Stonefish Found?

Geographic Locations

Stonefish are primarily found in the warm coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific region, including the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They are commonly encountered in the coastal regions of Australia, particularly the Great Barrier Reef, as well as in parts of Southeast Asia.

Within the Ocean

These fish prefer shallow waters, typically lurking near coral reefs, rocky areas, and sandy, muddy bottoms. Stonefish are bottom feeders and have an ability to remain immobile to long periods of time. This assists with both evading predators and stalking prey.

Are Stonefish Dangerous?

Stonefish are known to be one of the most venomous fish in the world. Many reports over the years have claimed that they are, in fact, the most venomous fish in the world.

They possess venomous spines along their dorsal fin, which can deliver a potent toxin. When threatened or stepped on, the stonefish instinctively raises its dorsal spines, injecting venom into the aggressor.

How Badly Does a Stonefish Sting Hurt?

The venom can cause excruciating pain, swelling, tissue damage, and in extreme cases, even death if not treated promptly. This sting would hurt far worse than, say, a wasp sting.

If you are swimming (or participating in aquatic recreation) anywhere stonefish are known to dwell, consider the following precautions:

• Watch your steps and surroundings
• Wear protective footwear
• Seek the advice of knowledgeable locals and guides
• Use extra caution when recreating near rock or tide pools
• Do not touch or attempt to disturb any marine life
• Carry an accessible first aid kit at all times

Lasting Effects

Even if you are wearing protective footwear, however, use extreme caution. A 2000 report indicates that stonefish spines have been known to pierce boot soles!

While most people attacked by stonefish survive, lasting effects can include nerve damage and muscle atrophy.

Are Stonefish Stings Deadly?

There have been at least two recorded fatalities from stonefish stings. One incident occurred in Australia in 1915 and the other took place in Japan in 2010.

The latter incident occurred on the Okinawan River and the victim was actually a diving instructor. The instructor, a 58-year-old male, was giving a diving lesson and standing barefoot in shallow water. He felt a sharp pain in his foot around 9:00 a.m. and quickly lost consciousness. He was pronounced dead at 10:35 a.m.

Honeymoon Blues

In 2022, a 27-year-old woman was strung by a stonefish while honeymooning in Mauritius. She entered the water without shoes and experienced a horrible reaction which, according to the report, suggests a medical bill of 1,800 pounds (roughly $2,240), anti-venom treatments, doses or morphine, and a foot that had swollen to twice its normal size.

Are Stonefish Safe to Eat?

While some cultures may consider stonefish a delicacy, it is essential to note that consuming them can be extremely risky. The venomous spines that make them dangerous to humans remain potent even after the fish has been caught and killed.

Special care must be taken during preparation to ensure the complete removal of the venomous spines. Due to the inherent risks associated with handling and consuming stonefish, it is generally recommended to avoid eating them altogether, as the potential for a venomous sting outweighs any potential culinary benefits.

Can You Keep Stonefish as Pets

This is a more complicated question as there are numerous safety and legality concerns involved.

From a legal standpoint, the stonefish is a protected species in many jurisdictions because it is an important part of the local ecosystem.

Sharing Space with Other Species

From a safety standpoint, however, the inherent risks involved in keeping and handling this fish are considerable. As we discussed above, these are incredibly venomous and should not be handled by humans due to the potential for life-threatening stings.

The stonefish also requires a habitat that replicates its natural environment. As predatory bottom-feeders, this environment, combined with their natural aggression and feeding tendencies, make them poor tank-mates with most other species.